Native+Americans+of+North+America

= Lesson 1 - The Eastern Woodlands =

Explain how decisions were made in the Iroquois League. Describe how people of the Eastern Woodlands used forest resources. Analyze the Iroquois relationship with nature. Relate how some Iroquois customs are kept alive today.
 * Objectives:**

Vocabulary
Tribe- a group of families bound together under a single leadership (often used to describe people who share a common culture) League- an organization that people form to unite them for a particular purpose Central Region- an area where people with a similar culture live Longhouse- Iroquois building used for shelter Wampum- polished seashells that were strung together and woven into belts. Highly valued. Reservation- land set aside by the United States Government for Native Americans Haudenosanee - people of the Longhouse

Places
Iroquois Trail- linked the lands of the league [|The] [|**Mohawk Trail**] [|, also known as the Iroquois Trail], or Great Indian Trail, started as an Indian footpath from [|Albany], a major early [|New York] trade center, to Fort Oswego , the first British fur trading post on Lake Ontario established in 1722. An important fork of this trail from Fort Schuyler (Utica) to Fort Niagara (Youngstown) is also described in [|Great Genesee Road]. Each end of the Mohawk Trail connected to other important migration pathways. The length of the Mohawk Trail from Albany to Fort Oswego was about 190 miles (306 km). [|[1]][|[2]]

Eastern Woodlands Culture Region- where the Iroquois lived [|Eastern Woodland Culture] The Indians in the Eastern Woodland Culture lived east of the Plains Indians. At that time much of the land between the Mississippi River and the east coast was covered with forest. These Indians, like the Indians of the other cultures depended on the natural resources around them for all of their basic needs. Because these Indians lived in the forests, they were called the Eastern Woodland Indians. Their food, shelter, clothing, weapons, and tools came from the forests around them. They lived in villages near a lake or stream. There were many diverse groups within the Eastern Woodland People. The most well known were the Iroquois, and the Cherokee nations.

People-
Deganawidah- [|The] [|**Great Peacemaker**] [|,] sometimes referred to as ** Deganawida ** or ** Dekanawida ** was, along with [|Hiawatha], by tradition the founder of the // [|Haudenosaunee] // , commonly called the [|//Iroquois Confederacy//] , a political and cultural union of several [|Native American] tribes residing in the present-day state of [|New York]. The union created a powerful alliance of related [|Iroquoian] peoples around the Great Lakes. Historians believe the confederacy may have formed in the 13th or 14th centuries.

Hiawatha - ** [|Hiawatha] ** (also known as ** Ayenwatha **, ** Aiionwatha ** , or ** Haiëñ'wa'tha ** ; [|Onondaga] ) [|[1]] is a legendary [|Native American] leader and co-founder of the [|Iroquois confederacy]. Depending on the version of the narrative, Hiawatha lived sometime between the 15th and 16th centuries and was a leader of the [|Onondaga] or the [|Mohawk], or both. According to some versions, he was born an Onondaga, but also adopted into the Mohawk. Hiawatha was a follower of [|The Great Peacemaker], a [|Huron] [|prophet] and spiritual leader, who proposed the unification of the [|Iroquois] peoples, who shared common ancestry and similar languages. The Great Peacemaker was a compelling spiritual presence, but was impeded in evangelizing his prophecy by foreign affiliation and a severe speech impediment. Hiawatha, a skilled and charismatic [|orator], was instrumental in persuading the [|Senecas] , [|Cayugas] , Onondagas, [|Oneidas] , and Mohawks, to accept the Great Peacemaker's vision and band together to become the [|Five Nations] of the Iroquois confederacy. Later, the [|Tuscarora] nation joined the Confederacy in 1722 to become the Sixth Nation.

= The Iroquois - not a single tribe, but a league of five that became six. = =Iroquois=

[|The Iroquois] were a League or Confederacy of tribes in the Northeastern part of America. Originally they were formed by five tribes: the Cayuga, Onondaga, Mohawk, Seneca, and Oneida. Later, in the 1700s, the Tuscarora tribe joined.

Six Nations of the Iroquois

The French named them the Iroquois, but they called themselves the Haudenosaunee which means People of the Longhouse. The British called them the Five Nations.

The name Iroquois came from other tribes who spoke Algonquin, including the Wampanoag, Powhatan and the Pequot.

[|The Iroquois Indians] lived in the Northeastern part of the Woodland Culture. Today we call this part of our country New York. The Iroquois Indians were actually a "nation" of Indians made up of 5 tribes. These tribes were the Senecas, Onondagas, Oneidas, Cayuga, and Mohawks. These tribes were hostile, or war-like, to each other until they joined together to become the "League of the Five Nations". Even after the forming of this nation there was still some fighting among the 5 tribes.
 * Mohawk: People Possessors of the Flint
 * Onondaga: People on the Hills
 * Seneca: Great Hill People
 * Oneida: Granite People
 * Cayuga: People at the Mucky Land


 * 1722 the Tuscarora joined the Iroquois league after migrating from North Carolina because of conflicts with settlers. Known as People of the Shirt.

The Iroquois Indians lived in wigwams and longhouses. Wigwams were made by bending young trees to form the round shape of the home. Over this shape pieces of tree bark were overlapped to protect the Indians from bad weather. Over the bark a layer of thatch, or dried grass, was added. A small hole from the top allowed smoke from the fires to escape. Beds were matting covered with animal skin.

media type="custom" key="23989638"

Longhouses were long rectangular homes. Longhouses were made by building a frame from saplings, or young trees. They were then covered with bark sewn together. There was a long hallway with rooms on both sides. Sleeping platforms, covered with deerskin, lined each wall. There were also shelves for storing baskets, pots, and other things. Several families (as many as twelve different families) would live in the long house, but the families were related to each other. The Iroquois built log walls all around their villages. The wall had only one opening. They could quickly close this opening if their enemies came near.


 * What did the Iroquois eat?**

The Iroquois ate a variety of foods. They grew crops such as corn, beans, and squash. These three main crops were called the "Three Sisters" and were usually grown together. Women generally farmed the fields and cooked the meals. They had a number of ways to prepare corn and the other vegetables they grew.

The men hunted wild game including deer, rabbit, turkey, bear, and beaver. Some meat was eaten fresh and some was dried and stored for later. Hunting animals was not only important for meat, but for other parts of the animal as well. The Iroquois used the skin for making clothing and blankets, the bones for tools, and the tendons for sewing.


 * What did they wear?**

Iroquois clothing was made from tanned deerskin. The men wore leggings and long breechcloths while the women wore long skirts. Both men and women wore deerskin shirts or blouses and soft shoes made of leather called moccasins.


 * Did they have Mohawk hair styles?**

The men of the Iroquois Nation shaved their heads except for a strip down the middle. Even though this is called a Mohawk haircut today, many of the Iroquois tribesmen (not just the Mohawk) cut their hair like this. Girls would wear two braids in their hair until they got married, then they would have a single braid.

Birchbark enabled the construction of canoes that were lightweight, waterproof, and strong. Native Americans discovered that birchbark was light, waterproof, and strong. It did not shrink, so sheets of it could be sewn together. Unlike the bark of other trees, the grain of birch runs around the tree rather than parallel to the trunk. This allowed it to be formed into the sophisticated and subtle forms that became the birchbark canoe. Birchbark canoes held heavy loads and kept passengers and their goods dry. They gave the Natives and French who used them an advantage over those who could not obtain the canoes or the birchbark to build them. The British and the Iroquois often had to make do with canoes made of elm bark, or with heavy dugouts, which were not nearly as serviceable.
 * Why Birchbark?**

Iroquois, like other Native Americans, feel a deep connection to nature (animals, trees and other resources around them). When an Iroquois killed a deer he would kneel beside it and thank it for proving food and clothing for his family. Only after thanking the animal would he take out his skinning knife. At harvest time the Iroquois would give thanks for their crops: "Great Spirit in heaven, we salute you with our thanks, that you have preserved us for another year, to participate in ceremonies of this occasion."
 * Beliefs and Customs**

**[|Wampum]**
Wampum beads are made from the shells of two kinds of sea animals (invertebrates). The dark purple color beads are made from the quahog clam shell. The white beads are made from whelk shells. Both of these shell animals lived along the Atlantic coast and not in Haudenosaunee territory. The Algonquin peoples who lived in these areas supplied the Haudenosaunee and other Native peoples with “wampompeag” (or wampum) in exchange for flint, furs, and other items that were more plentiful in their regions. The archaeological record shows that shell beads were used for earrings, necklaces, and other forms of decoration by Native people long before the Formation of the Iroquois Confederacy. Later, it was used by American Colonists as a form of currency. But, to the Haudenosaunee wampum is sacred. media type="custom" key="24168784" Long before there were telephones, identification cards, or written agreements, wampum was used by the Haudenosaunee to communicate messages and important ideas. Wampum was also proof that an individual had the authority to speak for the people and provided a way to record agreements between nations. This is still true today. Chiefs and Clan Mothers have their own strings of wampum that symbolize their position of honor and responsibility in the community. Wampum strings are used in ceremonies and also at council meetings where it is passed to each person present so that all will remember, and live by, its message. Making wampum beads was difficult and took a lot of skill. The shell was first broken into small blocks. A stone or reed drill was used to create a hole in the block. The block would be drilled half way through and then turned over to drill through the other side. The blocks were then ground into tubular shapes by rolling or rubbing them against a stone. Later in history, iron drills replaced stone drills but the process was still very challenging. Finished beads were then strung on plant fibers or sinew. Each wampum pattern represents a person, a nation, a particular event, an invitation, or an agreement. The pattern is a symbol. The symbols help people to remember their history and communicate complex ideas without using written words. The white shell beads stand for peace, friendship, and harmony. The purple shell beads represent war, suffering, or events of great importance. The Hiawatha Belt is perhaps the most well known of the wampum belts. It is a symbol of the agreement between the five original Haudenosaunee nations and their promise to live in unity and stand by one another in times of trouble. The four white squares stand for the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca nations. The Onondaga, as the keepers of the council fire, are represented at the center of the pattern by a white tree. The lines extending out from the Seneca and Mohawk squares on either side of the belt stand for a path which other nations may follow if they agree to live in peace or wish to join the Confederacy. In recent times, this pattern has also come to be used on a flag representing the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. || media type="custom" key="24168922" media type="custom" key="23989710" align="left"
 * HOW IS IT USED?**
 * HOW WAS IT MADE?**
 * WHAT DO THE PATTERNS MEAN?**
 * **HIAWATHA WAMPUM BELT**

Iroquois Confederacy media type="custom" key="23989600"


 * How was the Iroquois League governed?**

The Iroquois had a type of representative government. Each tribe in the Iroquois League had its own elected officials called chiefs. These chiefs would attend the Iroquois council where major decisions were made regarding the Five Nations. Each tribe also had its own leaders to make local decisions.

Iroquois Flag

Fun Facts about the Iroquois = Iroquois Today = There are about 50,000 Iroquois today. Many live on reservations in northern New York State. Fifty members still form its Great Council. They meet just outside of Syracuse on the Onondaga reservation. = = = = = DID YOU KNOW ABOUT..... = = Lenape Indians (Delaware Indians) =
 * Even though longhouses were more permanent structures, the village would move every 10 years or so to find fresh land and hunting grounds.
 * Up to 60 people would live in a single longhouse.
 * As long as there was food, no one ever went hungry in a village as food was freely shared.
 * There was a trail that connected the Five Nations called the Iroquois Trail.
 * The Iroquois Great Council still meets today.
 * The women had a large role in social government and even chose the representatives that went to meet at the Great Council.
 * Lacrosse was first played and invented by the Iroquois Indians. They have several different names for the game including Teh hon tsi kwaks eks, Guh jee gwah ai, and Ga lahs.

Kinship - being related to people in your family
media type="custom" key="24099614"media type="custom" key="24100752"
 * = Who Were? = ||
 * || ** The Story of Creation **

An early account told how Tantaque took a piece of coal out of the fire where he sat, and began to write upon the floor. He first drew a circle, a little oval, to which he made four paws or feet, a head and a tail. “This,” said he, “is a tortoise, lying in the water around it … this was or is all water, and so at first was the world or the earth, when the tortoise gradually raised its back up high, and the water ran off of it, and thus the earth became dry … and there grew a tree in the middle of the earth, and the root of this tree sent forth a sprout beside it and there grew upon it a man, who was the first male. This man was then alone, and would have remained alone; but the tree bent over until its top touched the earth, and there shot therein another root, from which came forth another sprout, and there grew upon it the woman, and from these two are all men produced.” || || ** The Land of the Lenape ** The Lenape (len-AH-pay) or Delaware Indians lived in an area they called “Lenapehoking,” which means “Land of the Lenape.” Their land included all of what is now New Jersey, eastern Pennsylvania, southeastern New York State, northern Delaware and a small section of southeastern Connecticut. As part of the Eastern Woodlands, Lenapehoking had many rivers, streams and lakes and was densely forested and rich in wildlife. We now know that two related but distinct groups of Indians occupied Lenapehoking; not three as is sometimes stated. Those living in the northern half (above the Raritan River and the Delaware Water Gap) spoke a //Munsee// dialect of the Eastern Algonquian Delaware language, while those to the south spoke //Unami// – a slightly different dialect of the same language. The beliefs and cultures of these two general groups, although very similar, differed somewhat. For convenience, we will use the word Lenape (“common or ordinary people”) to refer to both the groups living in Lenapehoking. [| Map of Lenapehoking] ||

Families were important to the Lenape Indians. There were strong ties between parents and children, and among all the related families that made up the clan. The Lenape had three clans (or phratries) – Wolf, Turtle and Turkey – which traced their descent through the female line. For example, if a mother belonged to the Turtle Clan, then each of her children also belonged to the same clan. The sons had to marry women from other clans, and their children belonged to their mother’s clan. Within their own groups the Indians were kind to one another. They felt a sense of responsibility towards everyone in their community. They did not steal from anyone in their own village, for there was no reason to do so. The land belonged to the whole community, shelters were shared, and no one hoarded valuable possessions. Many of the groups inhabiting Lenapehoking had well-organized ways of governing their clans and villages. The chiefs – sometimes referred to as sachems - were chosen for their behavior, skill in speaking, honesty, and ability to make wise decisions. The chiefs also had to know about religion so that they could lead the people in rituals and ceremonies. War leaders were different. They gained power through proven bravery and success in battle. They were able to gather young men together and go off on a raid without the approval of the chief. ||
 * The Community ||
 * || [[image:http://www.lenapelifeways.org/villagetrading.jpg width="287" height="215" align="left" caption="Village - Trading"]] Some of the Lenape lived in large villages of two to three hundred people, but most of them lived in small bands of 25 to 50 people.


 * Sharing the Work ||
 * || [[image:http://www.lenapelifeways.org/villagefish.jpg width="443" height="211" align="center" caption="Village - Fish"]]

Everyone worked, but men and women were expected to do different tasks. Starting at an early age, small children began to learn the skills they would need when they grew up. The boys were taught woodcraft and hunting; the girls, housekeeping and gardening. ||

|| ** Women’s Work **  Women were responsible for the planting and harvesting of crops and gathering wild foods. Some of the crops were eaten as soon as it was harvested, but much of it - together with wild foods like berries, roots and nuts - were dried for winter use. The women pounded corn into flour by using a mortar and pestle. Nuts could be ground up and baked, or were pressed to squeeze out their oil, which was used in cooking. Maple syrup was made by collecting sap from maple trees in early spring and boiling it down. Women were skilled at making clay pots, weaving rush mats and bags, and making baskets. They wove cornhusks for slippers, mats and dolls, and made containers from elm and birch bark. With fibers from plants, they spun and braided cords for binding and carrying bundles. Women were also responsible for preparing the hides for clothes and shelters. With bone tools, they scraped the hair from the hides and cleaned them. Then they smoked them over a fire, cut them into pieces and sewed the pieces with bone needles. ||

|| ** Men’s Work ** Men cleared the land, built and repaired the houses, and made dugout canoes by felling large trees and alternately burning and  chopping through them to the desired shape. They constructed fishweirs and the large fish baskets to gather the catch. Using bows and arrows, the men hunted a variety of animals, although deer, elk and bear were the Lenape’s largest prey. Deer were often hunted by surrounding or herding them into pens or rivers. This method involved many people forming into a large a circle as possible and by using fire or noise to drive the animals to the hunters where they could be easily killed. Trapping was another means by which the Lenape caught animals like beaver, otter, muskrat, raccoon, mink and wild cats. Turkey, eagle and other birds like partridge, pigeon, wild ducks and geese were also shot or caught in traps to be part of the Lenape diet. Men were good warriors and sometimes had to go to war to defend their homes, but left the management of the house to their wives and often listened to the advice of the chief matron of his lineage in matters of peace and war. ||

The Lenape lived in settled villages but did not stay in one place for the whole of their lives. Every ten or twelve years they had to move their entire village to a new site because they had used up many of the natural resources of their area. During the year, small groups might re-locate to temporary camps farther removed from the main village. Here they would stay for an indefinite time until they procured the desired materials or foods. ||
 * Shelters and Villages ||
 * || [[image:http://www.lenapelifeways.org/building.jpg width="274" height="180" align="left" caption="Buidling a House"]] The Lenape made dome-shaped houses called //wigwams// where a small family or individual could live. They pushed a circle of poles into the ground and then bent them over one another to make a domed frame, which they covered with sheets of bark, skins or woven rush mats. Sometimes several families lived together in a larger //“longhouse,”// still rounded on top, but longer. Inside the longhouse were platforms of poles on either side that could be used as seats or beds. Down the center was a row of fires to share. Openings in the roof let the smoke out. Corn and herbs were hung high in the roof and there was room to store other goods beside the doorway.

Men tattooed themselves with pictures of animals, birds, snakes or various geometric designs. Both men and women wore earrings, necklaces and hair ornaments from many natural objects like shell, bone, feathers, stones, clay, and animal claws and teeth. ||
 * Clothing and Decoration ||
 * || [[image:http://www.lenapelifeways.org/pic13.jpg width="82" height="162" align="center" caption="Man"]] || The Lenape dressed for snow and icy winds or for sticky heat, depending on the season. For men, light clothes would be a breechclout and leggings tied to a belt, and for women, a short, wrap-around skirt. Clothing worn next to the body was usually made of deerskin or beaver skin. In colder weather people added a hide shirt, fur robes, and perhaps mittens and fur caps. Everyone wore soft-soled deerskin moccasins. || [[image:http://www.lenapelifeways.org/pic14.jpg width="61" height="159" align="center" caption="Woman"]] ||
 * [[image:http://www.lenapelifeways.org/combinghair.jpg width="148" height="115" align="center" caption="Woman Combing Hair"]] || They kept themselves clean and were accustomed to a daily swim or used a sweat lodge or steam bath. The women wore their hair long and when working around fires, kept it in a braid or bun in the back of their head. For decoration, they might wrap their hair with a snakeskin or give their hair a gloss by applying bear grease. || [[image:http://www.lenapelifeways.org/braid.jpg width="87" height="104" align="center" caption="Woman with Braid"]] ||
 * Young men often would cut their hair or pull it out by the roots so that only a small round spot on the crest of the head would remain. Although Lenape men did have sparse facial hair, most got rid of it by plucking it out. Men typically wore a hairpiece called a “//roach//,” made out of porcupine hairs and dyed deer hair. They might also wear feathers in their hair, but usually only about two – never the big war bonnets worn by the Plains tribes. || [[image:http://www.lenapelifeways.org/roach.jpg width="115" height="135" align="center" caption="Man with Roach"]] ||
 * [[image:http://www.lenapelifeways.org/painting.jpg width="95" height="115" align="left" caption="Face Painting"]] The women used a type of red paint made from the bloodroot plant mixed with bear grease to put a round dot on each cheek, on their ears, and where they parted their hair. Men often painted their face, chest and shoulders. [[image:http://www.lenapelifeways.org/comb.jpg width="150" height="75" align="right" caption="Necklace and Comb"]]
 * [[image:http://www.lenapelifeways.org/painting.jpg width="95" height="115" align="left" caption="Face Painting"]] The women used a type of red paint made from the bloodroot plant mixed with bear grease to put a round dot on each cheek, on their ears, and where they parted their hair. Men often painted their face, chest and shoulders. [[image:http://www.lenapelifeways.org/comb.jpg width="150" height="75" align="right" caption="Necklace and Comb"]]

[|Top]
 * Preparing the Food ||
 * |||| [[image:http://www.lenapelifeways.org/cooking.jpg width="106" height="122" align="left"]]The Lenape had a great variety of food and believed that food was there to be shared. People were entitled to what they had trapped or gathered, but no one should be allowed to go hungry. Whenever visitors arrived, they were offered food. In turn, the guests always ate what was given to them. Food was cooked in clay pots over the fire or wrapped in leaves and set in the hot ashes. ||
 * |||| [[image:http://www.lenapelifeways.org/cooking.jpg width="106" height="122" align="left"]]The Lenape had a great variety of food and believed that food was there to be shared. People were entitled to what they had trapped or gathered, but no one should be allowed to go hungry. Whenever visitors arrived, they were offered food. In turn, the guests always ate what was given to them. Food was cooked in clay pots over the fire or wrapped in leaves and set in the hot ashes. ||

** The Three Sisters ** ||
 * [[image:http://www.lenapelifeways.org/beans.jpg width="76" height="137" caption="Beans"]][[image:http://www.lenapelifeways.org/corn.jpg width="102" height="86" caption="Squash & Corn"]] || The three most important planted crops were corn (also called maize), beans and squash, known as “The Three Sisters” by many Eastern Woodland tribes. Corn on the cob was boiled, baked, or fried in [[image:http://www.lenapelifeways.org/womengrinding.jpg width="152" height="128" align="right" caption="Woman Grinding"]] bear grease. Sometimes the women scraped the corn kernels off the cob, ground the kernels into a paste and shaped the paste into patties, which were then wrapped in leaves and baked or boiled. Corn was also used to make soup, bread, and puddings. Beans were boiled or fried, made into soups, or added to meat dishes. Squash was boiled or baked whole. Greens were added to meat dishes, wild herbs to soups, and berries to puddings or breads. Utensils consisted of bark plates or wooden bowls and spoons. ||

media type="custom" key="24100680"media type="custom" key="24100688"media type="custom" key="24100702"media type="custom" key="24100716"media type="custom" key="24100728"media type="custom" key="24100734"media type="custom" key="24100738"

= Lesson 2 =

The Great Plains
Vocabulary Lodge- round huts built over a deep hole

Tepee- Tent like houses Tepees are good houses for people who are always on the move. Plains Indians migrated frequently to follow the movements of the buffalo herds. An entire Plains Indian village could have their tepees packed up and ready to move within an hour. There were fewer trees on the Great Plains than in the Woodlands, so it was important for Plains tribes to carry their long poles with them whenever they traveled instead of trying to find new ones each time they moved. media type="custom" key="24156052"media type="custom" key="24156062"
 * [|Tepees]** (also spelled **Teepees** or **Tipis**) are tent-like American Indian houses used by Plains tribes. A tepee is made of a cone-shaped wooden frame with a covering of buffalo hide. Like modern tents, tepees are carefully designed to set up and break down quickly. As a tribe moved from place to place, each family would bring their tipi poles and hide tent along with them. Originally, tepees were about 12 feet high, but once the Plains Indian tribes acquired horses, they began building them twice as high.

Travois (truh VOY) - a frame slung between trailing poles pulled by a dog or horse

Powwow - a gathering of Native American peoples [|A **pow-wow**](also **powwow** or **pow wow**) is a gathering of some of North America's [|Native people]. The word derives from the [|Narragansett] word //powwaw//, meaning "spiritual leader". A similar gathering by California Native Peoples usually in the fall is called a Big Time. A modern pow-wow is a specific type of event where both Native American/First Nations and non-Native American/First Nations people meet to dance, sing, socialize, and honor Native American/First Nations culture. There is generally a dancing competition, often with significant prize money awarded. Pow-wows vary in length from one day session of five to six hours to three days. Major pow-wow or pow-wows called for a special occasion can be up to one week long.

Places
Great Plains Cultural Region- fairly flat region, was covered in grasses, few trees. [|The Great Plains](sometimes called the American prairies) fills the very center of the North American continent, stretching some 1,500 miles north to south (from the north central regions of Texas to the southern prairies of Canada) &more than 1,000 miles east to west (from the Mississippi-Missouri Valley to the Rocky Mountains). And while the Plains landscape appears to many to be a vast unbroken treeless &uniform grassland, it is in fact broken by ranges of hills &wooded river valleys, and consists of two sub-regions, the more humid eastern plains with tall-grass prairies &the drier western plains or //steppe//, where short-grass prairies dominate.

Lame Deer, Montana - Northern Cheyenne hold a powwow there every year [|**Lame Deer**](**Meaveʼhoʼeno** in [|Cheyenne] )is a [|census-designated place] (CDP) in [|Rosebud County], [|Montana]. It is the tribal and government agency headquarters of the [|Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation], home of the Chief [|Dull Knife] College and hosts the annual Northern Cheyenne Powwow. The population was 2,052 as of the [|2010 census]. The town is named after the [|Miniconjou] [|Lakota] chief [|Lame Deer] who was killed by the U.S. Army in 1877 under a flag of truce south of the town.

=Life on the Plains= The Great Plains is a fairly flat region of the United States that was covered by grass and had few trees. Millions of buffalo once grazed on the Great Plains. The tribes of this area included the Lakota (Sioux), Pawnee and Osage. Later the Cheyenne and Algonquian peoples arrived. Most people on the Great Plains followed a hunting and farming way of life, settling along rivers that were used to irrigate the crops. Like the Eastern Woodlands Native Americans the people of the Great Plains grew corn, beans, squash and pumpkins. They lived in lodges. This type of house is round with wood and earthen walls built over a deep hole. The people of the Great Plains relied heavily on the buffalo. The buffalo was a major source of meat. Hides were made into blankets and clothing, horns were made into bowls. No part of the animal was wasted. Native Americans hunted the buffalo in the summer, crawling next to them to kill them or causing a stampede over a cliff. Tepees were used when the Native Americans were hunting. The long wooden poles were covered with buffalo hides. The poles were were not only the frame of the tepee, they could also be used to make a travois or a type of sled that could be pulled by dog or horse.

=The Cheyenne= In the 1500s Spaniards brought horses to the Aztec and Maya in Mexico. Some of the horses broke free and by the 1700s the Cheyenne had tamed their descendants. Horses were also obtained by trading and raiding other tribes. The horse changed the way the Cheyenne hunted buffalo, first with bow and arrow and later with guns. Horses also enabled the Cheyenne to be more mobile. A horse drawn travois pulled by a horse could move four times more weight that one pulled by a dog. This relative ease of movement changed the way the Cheyenne lived, now they could move from place to place depending on the season and the needs of the tribe. The Horse was used as a measure of wealth, the more horses you had the higher your status in the tribe.

=The Cheyenne Today= At the time of printing of your text book there were approximately 12,000 Cheyenne living on the Great Plains, many living on a reservation in Montana. Many Cheyenne follow and work to preserve their traditions and keep their language alive.

= Lesson 3 =

Vocabulary
Pueblo - Spanish word for village

Places
Southwest Desert Cultural Region - mostly hot and arid. Several tribes settled there including the Hopi and Zuni who later became the Pueblo. The ** [|Southwestern United States] ** (also known as the ** American Southwest ** or simply ** the Southwest ** [|[2]] ) is a region of the [|United States] defined in different ways by different sources. Broad definitions include nearly a quarter of the United States, including [|Arizona], [|California] , [|Colorado] , [|Nevada] , [|New Mexico] , [|Oklahoma] , [|Texas] , and [|Utah].

<span style="color: #800000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 0px;">[|Oraibi] - Hopi village built on a mesa. Founded in 1050, perhaps the oldest town in America

=Living in a Dry Land= The Southwest Desert is a hot and arid part of the United States. Long ago several tribes settled in this area, to include the Hopi and Zuni tribes. These Native Americans based their life on farming, building villages. Later these people became known as the Pueblo, from the Spanish word for village. Other tribes in the area were not farmers. The Apache were hunters and the Navajo raised sheep. The Pueblo are thought to be descendants or the Anasazi, the "Old Ones". The Pueblo, like the Anasazi, grew corn, beans, squash and cotton. They developed new methods of irrigation. The Pueblo followed the Anasazi housing traditions, building what resembles an apartment building. Villages were built on high mesas to help defend themselves against enemies. Hopi men governed the villages, but the women owned all the property and passed it to their daughters. Men wove cloth and women wove baskets. The Hopi and other tribes that mastered farming were able to have people develop special skills such as weaving due to the abundance of food.

=The Need for Rain=

= = =<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 0px;"> =